Ely and his Institute for Research in Land Economics and Public Utilities, founded at the University of Wisconsin in 1920. It had its origins in sales practices of the National Association of Real Estate Boards and theories about race and property values codified by economists surrounding Richard T. The specific process termed "redlining" in the United States occurred on the background of racial segregation and discrimination against minority populations. 4 Strategies to reverse effects of redlining.3.1 Racial segregation in American cities.The documented history of redlining in the United States is a manifestation of the historical systemic racism that has had wide-ranging impacts on American society, two examples being educational and housing inequality across racial groups. In academic literature, redlining falls under the broader category of credit rationing. Blacklisting was a related mechanism employed by redlining institutions to keep track of areas, groups, and people that the discriminating party intended to exclude. For example, in the 1980s a Pulitzer Prize-winning series of articles by investigative reporter Bill Dedman demonstrated how Atlanta banks would often lend in lower-income white neighborhoods but not in middle-income or even upper-income Black neighborhoods. During the heyday of redlining, the areas most frequently discriminated against were Black inner city neighborhoods. In the 1960s, sociologist John McKnight originally coined the term to describe the discriminatory banking practice of classifying certain neighborhoods as "hazardous," or not worthy of investment due to the racial makeup of their residents. Neighborhoods which were targeted for blockbusting were also subject to reverse redlining. The effect also emerged when service providers artificially restricted the supply of real estate available for loanable funds to nonwhites, thus providing alternative pretext for higher rates. Reverse redlining occurred when a lender or insurer targeted majority-minority neighborhood residents with inflated interest rates by taking advantage of the lack of lending competition relative to non-redlined neighborhoods. In the case of retail businesses like supermarkets, the purposeful construction of stores impractically far away from targeted residents results in a redlining effect. While the most well-known examples involve denial of credit and insurance, also sometimes attributed to redlining in many instances are: denial of healthcare and the development of food deserts in minority neighbourhoods. In the United States, redlining is a discriminatory practice in which services ( financial and otherwise) are withheld from potential customers who reside in neighborhoods classified as 'hazardous' to investment these neighborhoods have significant numbers of racial and ethnic minorities, and low-income residents.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |